What it is:
A form of cannibalism (a species eating another/others of the same species) in which the female, or rarely, the male, eats the other before, during, or after mating.
What creatures do it:
It has been seen in arachnids, insects and amphipods. You are probably the most familiar with it happening in the black widow spider, and in praying mantises. Although, unproven, some evidence suggests gastropods and copepods may also practice this. While most people think of spiders when they hear the word arachnid, this class consists of all of the following- spiders, opiliones (harvestmen), ticks, mites, and scorpions. Oh, and it has been observed in people, but is rare, and considered a sign of some psychological problem(s).
Why is it done:
Honestly, from what I can tell no one is completely sure and there doesn’t appear to be one single reason. However, here are some suggestions. The male could provide nutrition for the female, increasing her fertility whether he has mated with her or not. The male may be increasing his chances of passing on his genes by allowing her to eat him, such as in the case of the redback spider, that is able to fertilize more of the females eggs by allowing himself to be eaten by her. It may also factor into natural selection, as males who are eaten prior to mating do not pass on their genes. I read on one site that mantises may choose which males to eat and which to mate with, as well as at what point during mating to eat the male, possibly allowing her some control over who fathers her children. Others think it may sometimes simply be a side effect of aggressiveness, intense hunger, or even mistaken identity. In some slugs, a special kind of sexual cannibalism exists, where one or both of the slugs sometimes chews off the genitals of the other after mating. Sometimes a banana slug chews off its own penis. I will address reasons for that later.
Apophallation (what I would consider a for of sexual cannibalism):
This is a special type of sexual cannibalism in which a slug (which, by the way, are hermaphroditic) chews off the penis of another slug (or sometimes even their own) after mating. The main reason I have seen listed for this is that due to slugs (not sure about all of them) having long corkscrew like penises, being covered in sticky slime, etc., it is sometimes hard to separate after sex, and their penises may become stuck, so they are chewed off. However, on one site, someone had posted a video (I did not watch the video due to a slow connection) and information about banana slugs and how (in the video) one had a normal mating session, the other left its penis intact, but it couldn’t retract its own penis back in, so it chewed it off. To me, the picture of a banana slug penis, did not make it look that much like a screw (a little twirled or bent, but not much), though, so I’m confused.
Anyway, one site had mentioned that “….according to Adrian Forsyth, author of A Natural History of Sex. The apophallated slug, says Forsyth, ‘cannot regrow his penis and is now obligated to be a female and forced to offer eggs. It may be that the castrator can raise his reproductive success by increasing locally the density of females.’” (Note: I tried to add the address here, but the litte squiggle throws the system off. Go down to Lycaeum in the address at the bottom for the address.) Now, since at least the banana slugs (not sure about others) both penetrate and fertilize one another, the hermaphroditic banana slug offers eggs as often as the female ones. So I think the term “forced to offer eggs” is misleading if all these snails both penetrate and fertilize each other, anyway. Although, perhaps some do not. Perhaps some times one plays a female role and one a male. I’m not sure and need to research that more. However, even if they do both fertilize one another’s ova, cutting down on the ability of some to fertilize others, by making them female, would increase the hermaphrodites chances of fertilizing more females since it would have less competition. I think perhaps this is what he meant. That is insightful, I think.
Also, I was wondering how or when the penis came out of the vaginal opening or sperm tract or whatever you call it. I know in some species a plug is inserted into this to keep other males from mating with the female and fertilizing her eggs in place of the first mate. If slugs do this double mating thing, maybe this could insure that the one initially mating gets more eggs fertilized by their own sperm. I do not know if slugs do this however, and didn’t read this anywhere. I’m just wondering about it. I’d have to do more research to know.
According to the afore mentioned site, “Slug scientist Albert Mead has suggested that apophallation may be nature’s way of maintaining the species. After all, he writes, in other animal species, gigantism has been a precursor to extinction. Only by submitting to the shears can banana slugs maintain their inordinate organs.” While I think gigantism is normally used to refer to abnormal height growth, in this case, I’m sure we’re talking about the unusual penis size of slugs, who apparently, are freakishly endowed.
Sexual Cannibalism in people as a symptom of (a) psychological problem(s):
Although rare, people have been known to commit acts of sexually driven or sexualized cannibalism. This is not the norm and is considered a sign of psychological illness. However, I am not sure if one could consider those who simply harbor sexualized cannibalism fantasies, as mentally ill, if they would ever act upon them. I suppose that would be debatable.
According to wikipedia, “Vorarephilia (or vore) is a paraphilia where arousal occurs from the idea of being eaten whole and alive, eating another alive, or watching this process. The fantasy may include digestion, which may be imagined to be painless.” I was wondering what one would call it if they desired to be eaten after death. I also wanted to research this name more, so I searched for it off of wiki and found something on a site called the Bigpedia. It stated, “Vorarephilia is the interest/sexual fetish in which a person fantasizes about eating another person and/or creature, or being eaten. Preferences vary, but most prefer to fantasize about being devoured whole and alive. Those who prefer to be torn, chewed, and killed are often referred to as ‘shreddies’.” Upon further research, I have discovered people into this sometimes call themselves “vores” and stories, fantasies, and pictures related to being swallowed whole and alive is sometimes known as “soft vore” or “smooth vore” and the ones involving being torn, chewed, killed, etc. is sometimes referred to as “hard vore.” A play on the terms “hard core” and “soft core” used in porn, I’m assuming.
Usually, these fantasies remain fantasies. However, sometimes people actually engage in this. Normally, the people we hear of are serial killers taking unwanted victims. A recent case of what some argues was a consensual case of (Arguably sexualized if you read enough about the case) cannibalism occurred in Germany. Armin Meiwes scoured the internet searching for a victim, and he explained in internet postings that he wished to kill and consume another man, and described the type he was looking for. A man named Bernd Jürgen Armando Brandes responded and later, at Meiwes’ home, after being given a lot of pain killers and alcohol, Meiwes videotaped what he did to Brandes which involved cutting off his penis and eating it while he was alive. Brandes apparently tried to eat part of the penis, too, but could not eat it raw, as it was too tough. So, Meiwes prepared it to make it easier to eat, and after doing so, I do not think it is clear whether Brandes ate any or not, but Meiwes did. Afterwards, Meiwes killed Brandes and ate him over a period of time, keeping some of him in storage until he was finished. Apparently Meiwes did have nude pictures of Brandes which were used as evidence against him at his trial, along with the videotape of the events. While Brandes apparently did consent, it could be argued that he was not psychologically competent enough to consent. For one thing, you could argue that his agreeing to this demonstrated severe psychological problems. Also, at the time of the actual act, he had consumed pills and alcohol. According to wikipedia he had taken pain killers and alcohol to one article, “he had taken “20 sleeping pills, a bottle of Vicks cold relief and schnapps” (see the Free Republic link below).
How some animals try to avoid being eaten in sexual cannibalism:
Apparently not all of the males of all species in which this sexual cannibalism takes place, are willing. For example, it is believed now that praying mantises may try to avoid this. During an experiment where the hunger and physical positioning of the female was changed (hungrier females and those facing the males were a greater risk, since hunger might drive them to attack and eat the male, and a face to face position makes it easier for her to attack the male, using her front legs) and the males seemed able to assess greater risks as they became more cautious in such situations. For example, males seemed more eager to approach a female for mating if she was full, than if she was hungry. When faced with a greater risk for being eaten, the males approached differently. Some tactics males took, were approaching the female more slowly, increasing their courtship behavior, mounting from a greater distance (possibly to avoid being grabbed as easily), and took longer to dismount, perhaps fearing they would be grabbed.
Sometimes golden orb spiders jumping on females that are in the process of dining on something else. If they live through mating with the female, there are other ways they can guard over her and run away other males who might want to mate with her.
Wikipedia mentions other forms of avoiding cannibalism that are used in different species. Some spiders prefer to mate with females while they are moulting since this makes cannibalism a physical impossibility. Some spiders will offer the female a meal before mating with her, and then try to finish mating before she finishes her meal, in the hopes she will be too busy dining on it, to dine on them. On such spider is the nursery web spider. Other spiders- and also mantids- will wait until the female catches prey to eat on, before they approach her for mating. Some spiders have specialized jaws that they use to hold open the jaws of females, possibly to keep them from snacking on them while they are mating. In scorpions, the male may sting the female during mating. I suppose this could be to temporarily paralyze or stun her so that they have a chance to escape before she attacks them. In black widows and crab spiders, the males often use silk to restrain the females before mating, possibly to prevent her from eating them.
At this site, it mentions the male jumping spiders attempts to avoid being eaten, but since they have requested no one use or copy their work without permission, I will no quote them here. You can read about it here instead-
http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib160/past_papers/suttle.html
More information:
According to one study, that 63% of the diet of the female Chinese mantids, was composed of the male of the species, making them her main source of food.
While mating, male Australian redback spiders actually throw themselves onto the females fangs, mating with her as she eats him. Some come back to mate a second time after crawling away for a bit, even though this will mean their death. If he returns and mates again, he gets extra time to mate with her. Apparently males who are cannibalized get to mate twice as long and have extra time to properly insert a plug in her sperm receptacle to keep other males from mating with her and beating his sperm out of fertilizing her eggs. Also, if the female redback eats the male, most of them will refuse to mate with another male. Males who do this second mating produce twice as many offspring in that mating, in compensation for their lives. Red backs actually have a mechanism that allows them to survive this cannibalism longer so they can mate for an extended amount of time.
The male, in a type of orb weaving spider, actually dies suddenly during mating. Its sexual organ becomes stuck in her sperm receptacle, preventing her from receiving competing sperm. He female may dine on the body afterwards, giving her and the offspring more nutrition.
Cannabilism in mantids is almost universal, and the females may rip the males head off and eats it while he is still mating. She then continues to eat the rest of him, aside from the wings.
Some places where I read about this, and collected information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism
http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/06/healthscience/snbugs.php
http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/grad/weaver/Pages/project.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorarephilia
http://www.bigpedia.com/encyclopedia/Vore
http://furry.wikia.com/wiki/Voraphile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Meiwes
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3286721.stm
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/14/1073877901829.html
http://www.francesfarmersrevenge.com/stuff/serialkillers/meiwes.htm
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1069388/posts
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-07/uocp-mpm072606.php
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/05/science/05cann.html?ex=1315108800&en=257189353ea6400f&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_evol_3/0,8018,849500-,00.html
http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/IB/faculty/mueller/384K/sexual_cannibalism.pdf.pdf
http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib160/past_papers/suttle.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism#Sexually_motivated_cannibalism
Lycaeum: The problem address is here. Starts “http://users.lycaeum.org/” Then has a squiggle which I cannot post. It will not show and it changes the font. After the first part I posted, add the squiggle, then “sputnik/apophallation.html”