Pythagoras was a mathematician and a mystic. At Croton, in southern Italy, he founded and led a community of scholars who were his disciples. A pupil of Aristotle named Dicaerchus wrote:
“What [Pythagoras] used to teach his associates, no one can tell with certainty; for they observed no ordinary silence. His most universally celebrated opinions, however, were that the soul is immortal; then that it migrates into other sorts of living creature; and in addition that after certain periods what has happened once happens again, and nothing is absolutely new; and that one should consider all animate things as akin.”
‘Metempsychosis’ is the term for the doctrine of the transmigration of souls. Within the Pythagorean community there were some prohibitions designed to establish and maintain the purity of the soul. Fore example:
- Abstain from beans.
- Do not look in a mirror beside a light.
- When rising from bed, rollt he bedclothes together and smooth out the impress of your body.
- Be not possessed by irrepressible mirth.
Number, for Pythagoras, is both matter and the meaning of the cosmos. He held that odd and even together produce unity and that unity produces number, the source of all things.


